When proto oncogenes are mutated or overexpressed, they can contribute to the initiation and progression of cancer. For example, the amplification of the HER2 gene is associated with aggressive forms of breast cancer. Similarly, mutations in the Ras gene are frequently found in various types of cancers, including lung, colon, and pancreatic cancers. Understanding these alterations at the histological level helps in the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of cancer.
