What are the Cellular Mechanisms of Ischemic Injury?

Ischemic injury involves a series of cellular events:

ATP Depletion: Reduced oxygen supply impairs oxidative phosphorylation, leading to a decrease in ATP production.
Ion Imbalance: Lack of ATP affects ion pumps, causing an influx of calcium and sodium, and an efflux of potassium, disrupting cellular homeostasis.
Oxidative Stress: Reperfusion following ischemia generates reactive oxygen species, causing further cellular damage.
Mitochondrial Dysfunction: Reduced ATP and increased calcium lead to mitochondrial membrane permeability transition, resulting in the release of pro-apoptotic factors.
Inflammation: Ischemic tissues release cytokines and chemokines, attracting inflammatory cells that exacerbate tissue damage.