1. Mitochondria: Known as the powerhouse of the cell, mitochondria generate ATP through oxidative phosphorylation. They have their own DNA and are involved in energy metabolism, apoptosis, and storing calcium ions.
2. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): The ER is divided into two types — rough (RER) and smooth (SER). The RER is studded with ribosomes and is involved in protein synthesis and folding. The SER lacks ribosomes and is essential for lipid synthesis, detoxification, and calcium ion storage.
3. Golgi Apparatus: This organelle modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids that are synthesized in the ER. It is also involved in the formation of lysosomes and the secretion of cellular products.
4. Lysosomes: These are membrane-bound vesicles containing hydrolytic enzymes. They are responsible for degrading and recycling cellular waste, damaged organelles, and macromolecules.
5. Peroxisomes: Peroxisomes contain enzymes that detoxify harmful substances and oxidize fatty acids. They produce hydrogen peroxide as a byproduct, which is then broken down by catalase.
6. Ribosomes: These are the molecular machines responsible for protein synthesis. They can be found free-floating in the cytoplasm or attached to the RER.
