Immune cells, including T cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells, infiltrate the TME and can have both pro-tumor and anti-tumor effects. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) often exhibit an M2 phenotype, which supports tumor growth by promoting angiogenesis and suppressing anti-tumor immune responses. Conversely, cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) can target and kill tumor cells, although their activity is frequently suppressed within the TME.
