Signaling molecules, such as cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors, play pivotal roles in modulating the TME. These molecules facilitate communication between different cell types within the TME and influence processes like inflammation, immune evasion, and angiogenesis. For instance, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a key regulator of angiogenesis, promoting the formation of new blood vessels to supply the growing tumor with nutrients and oxygen.
