Mitochondrial dysfunction can result from a range of factors, including genetic mutations, environmental toxins, and oxidative stress. Genetic mutations in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) or nuclear DNA can lead to impaired mitochondrial function. Environmental toxins such as heavy metals and certain drugs can also damage mitochondrial components. Oxidative stress, resulting from an imbalance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidants, can further exacerbate mitochondrial damage.
