The generation of PMF begins with the ETC, a series of protein complexes (I, II, III, and IV) embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane. Electrons are transferred through these complexes, starting from electron donors like NADH and FADH2, and ultimately reducing oxygen to water. During this electron transfer, protons (H+) are pumped from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space, creating a proton gradient. This gradient stores energy that is later used by the ATP synthase enzyme to produce ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate.
