Exosomes can be isolated using several techniques, each with its own advantages and limitations. The most common methods include ultracentrifugation, size-exclusion chromatography, and immunoaffinity capture. Ultracentrifugation is often the gold standard, involving sequential centrifugation steps to remove cells, debris, and larger vesicles, followed by high-speed spins to pellet the exosomes. Size-exclusion chromatography separates particles based on size, while immunoaffinity capture uses antibodies against exosome-specific markers.
