Glial cells, including astrocytes, microglia, and oligodendrocytes, play crucial roles in the brain's response to TBI. Astrocytes become reactive, a phenomenon known as astrogliosis, which can be identified histologically by increased expression of GFAP (glial fibrillary acidic protein). Microglia become activated and can be visualized using markers like Iba1 (ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1). Oligodendrocyte damage and loss can be assessed using markers such as MBP (myelin basic protein).
