Organelles are specialized structures within the cytoplasm, each performing unique functions essential for the cell's survival. Key organelles include:
Mitochondria: These are the powerhouses of the cell, generating ATP through cellular respiration. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): The ER is involved in protein and lipid synthesis. It is classified into rough ER (with ribosomes) and smooth ER (without ribosomes). Golgi Apparatus: This organelle modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for secretion or delivery to other organelles. Lysosomes: These contain digestive enzymes that break down waste materials and cellular debris. Ribosomes: These are the sites of protein synthesis, found either floating freely in the cytoplasm or attached to the rough ER.
