How Does TGF-β Contribute to Pathological Conditions?
While TGF-β is essential for normal physiological processes, its dysregulation is implicated in various diseases:
1. Cancer: In early cancer, TGF-β acts as a tumor suppressor. However, in advanced stages, it can promote tumor progression, invasion, and metastasis. 2. Fibrosis: Overactive TGF-β signaling leads to excessive ECM deposition, resulting in fibrotic diseases in organs such as the liver, lungs, and kidneys. 3. Autoimmune Diseases: Altered TGF-β signaling can contribute to the pathogenesis of autoimmune conditions by disrupting immune homeostasis.
