Excitotoxicity primarily involves the overactivation of glutamate receptors, particularly the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor. When these receptors are overstimulated, there is an influx of calcium ions (Ca2+) into the neuron. Elevated intracellular calcium levels can activate a variety of enzymes that damage cellular structures, including the cytoskeleton, plasma membrane, and DNA.
