Genetics play a crucial role in the development of AD. Mutations in genes such as APP, PSEN1, and PSEN2 are linked to early-onset familial Alzheimer's disease. Additionally, the apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 allele is a well-established risk factor for late-onset AD. These genetic factors influence the production and clearance of Aβ peptides, as well as tau pathology.
