Glial cells, particularly astrocytes and microglia, play a significant role in the pathology of TLE. Astrogliosis, characterized by the proliferation and hypertrophy of astrocytes, is commonly observed. Astrocytes are involved in maintaining the blood-brain barrier, regulating extracellular ion balance, and neurotransmitter uptake. Their dysfunction can contribute to the hyperexcitability and synchronization of neurons, facilitating seizure activity. Microglial activation is also frequently seen, indicating an inflammatory response within the affected regions.
