The etiology of non-obstructive azoospermia can be multifactorial. Common causes include:
Genetic Abnormalities: Conditions such as Klinefelter syndrome, Y chromosome microdeletions, and other chromosomal anomalies. Hormonal Imbalances: Insufficient levels of hormones such as follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). Testicular Damage: Due to infections, trauma, or exposure to toxins like chemotherapy and radiation. Idiopathic Factors: In many cases, the underlying cause remains unknown despite extensive evaluation.
