What are the Mechanisms Behind Neuronal Degeneration?

Several mechanisms contribute to neuronal degeneration. These include oxidative stress, which results from the accumulation of reactive oxygen species that damage cellular components. Mitochondrial dysfunction impairs energy production and can trigger cell death pathways. Protein misfolding and aggregation, as seen with beta-amyloid in Alzheimer's and alpha-synuclein in Parkinson's, disrupt normal cellular functions. Inflammation, mediated by activated microglia and astrocytes, can exacerbate neuronal damage. Additionally, excitotoxicity, caused by excessive activation of glutamate receptors, can lead to neuronal injury and death.