1. Cytokines: These are small proteins that modulate the balance between humoral and cell-based immune responses. Key cytokines include TNF-α, IL-1, IL-6, and IL-10.
2. Chemokines: A subset of cytokines that specifically attract cells to sites of inflammation. Examples include CCL2 (MCP-1) and CXCL8.
3. Eicosanoids: These are signaling molecules derived from arachidonic acid and include prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and thromboxanes. They play roles in vasodilation, bronchodilation, and chemotaxis.
4. Histamine: This amine is released in response to injury and allergic reactions and increases the permeability of blood vessels.
5. Complement System Proteins: These proteins enhance the ability of antibodies and phagocytic cells to clear pathogens and damaged cells. C3a and C5a are particularly important in inflammation.
