Congenital abnormalities are defects present at birth that can result from genetic factors, environmental influences, or a combination of both. Some common congenital abnormalities include: - Congenital heart defects: Abnormalities in the heart's structure. - Neural tube defects: Issues in the development of the brain and spinal cord, like spina bifida. - Cleft lip and palate: Splits or openings in the upper lip and roof of the mouth. Understanding the embryological basis of these abnormalities helps in their early detection, prevention, and treatment.