Quantum yield can be measured using various techniques, including comparative methods with a reference fluorophore of known quantum yield. The process typically involves exciting the sample and measuring the emitted fluorescence. The quantum yield (Φ) can be calculated using the formula:
Where: - I_sample and I_reference are the integrated fluorescence intensities of the sample and reference. - A_sample and A_reference are the absorbances of the sample and reference at the excitation wavelength. - n_sample and n_reference are the refractive indices of the solvents used for the sample and reference.
