Isolation of DNA: DNA containing the gene of interest is extracted from the cells. Cutting DNA: Restriction enzymes are used to cut the DNA at specific sequences. Ligation: The gene of interest is inserted into a cloning vector, such as a plasmid. Transformation: The recombinant plasmid is introduced into a host cell, usually a bacterium. Selection and Screening: Cells containing the recombinant plasmid are selected and screened to ensure the presence of the gene of interest.
