c-fos expression can be detected using various techniques such as immunohistochemistry (IHC), in situ hybridization (ISH), and Western blotting. In IHC, antibodies specific to the c-fos protein are used to stain tissue sections, allowing researchers to visualize the presence and distribution of c-fos-expressing cells under a microscope. In ISH, labeled probes are used to detect c-fos mRNA within tissue sections.