Histopathological examination is crucial for diagnosing bladder cancer. A bladder biopsy, usually obtained via cystoscopy, is examined under a microscope. Key histological features include:
- Cellular architecture: Assessment of the arrangement and structure of cells. - Nuclear atypia: Abnormalities in the size, shape, and organization of the cell nuclei. - Mitotic figures: Presence of dividing cells, indicating proliferation. - Invasion: Extent to which the cancer has penetrated the bladder wall layers.
