The process begins with the homogenization of the tissue sample in an appropriate buffer. The sample is then mixed with an equal volume of a phenol:chloroform mixture, which helps to denature proteins and separate them from nucleic acids. The mixture is centrifuged to create two distinct phases: an aqueous phase containing the nucleic acids and an organic phase containing the proteins and other contaminants. The aqueous phase is carefully collected, and the nucleic acids are precipitated using alcohol, such as ethanol or isopropanol.
