The effects of immunomodulators can be observed at the histological level: - Lymphoid Tissues: Immunomodulators can alter the cellular composition of lymphoid tissues such as the spleen, lymph nodes, and thymus. For instance, immunosuppressants may reduce the number of active lymphocytes in these tissues. - Inflammatory Sites: At sites of inflammation, immunomodulators can change the types and activity levels of immune cells present. For example, in chronic inflammatory diseases, immunosuppressants can reduce the infiltration of macrophages and neutrophils. - Tumor Microenvironment: In cancer, immunomodulators can modify the tumor microenvironment to make it more hostile to cancer cells. This might involve increasing the presence of cytotoxic T cells or reducing regulatory T cells that inhibit the immune response.
