Laboratories can improve cost effectiveness through several strategies: 1. Automation: Implementing automated systems can reduce labor costs and increase throughput. 2. Bulk Purchasing: Buying reagents and equipment in bulk can lead to significant discounts. 3. Standardization: Standardizing protocols can reduce variability and wastage. 4. Training: Proper training of staff ensures efficient use of materials and equipment. 5. Preventive Maintenance: Regular maintenance of equipment can prevent costly breakdowns and ensure consistent performance.