Peptide hormones, such as insulin and glucagon, are synthesized through a multi-step process: 1. Gene Transcription: The gene encoding the hormone is transcribed into mRNA in the nucleus. 2. Translation: The mRNA is then translated into a preprohormone in the rough endoplasmic reticulum. 3. Processing: The preprohormone is cleaved to form a prohormone, which is further modified in the Golgi apparatus. 4. Packaging: The mature hormone is packaged into vesicles and secreted via exocytosis.
