The activation of PSCs is triggered by different stimuli, including:
- Inflammatory cytokines like transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF). - Oxidative stress induced by reactive oxygen species (ROS). - Chronic alcohol consumption, which leads to the production of acetaldehyde, a toxic metabolite that activates PSCs. - Pancreatic injury or inflammation, such as that caused by pancreatitis.