Several methods are used to measure the conductivity and resistivity of biological tissues:
Impedance spectroscopy: This technique measures the impedance of tissue over a range of frequencies to determine its electrical properties. Four-electrode method: This method involves passing a current through two outer electrodes and measuring the voltage drop between two inner electrodes to calculate resistivity. Microscopy techniques: Advanced imaging methods like scanning electron microscopy (SEM) can be used to study the structural factors affecting conductivity and resistivity at the microscopic level.
