Proton pumps are ubiquitously present across various cellular compartments:
Plasma Membrane: The H+-ATPase pump helps in maintaining the extracellular pH and membrane potential. Mitochondria: The electron transport chain includes proton pumps that facilitate ATP production. Lysosomes: The V-ATPase pump acidifies the lysosomal lumen, aiding in the breakdown of cellular waste. Plant Cells: The tonoplast H+-ATPase and H+-PPase pumps regulate vacuolar pH and turgor pressure.
