ATPase staining is a histological technique used to identify and differentiate various types of muscle fibers based on their enzymatic activity. ATPase, or adenosine triphosphatase, is an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP into ADP and inorganic phosphate, releasing energy. This staining method is particularly valuable in muscle pathology and research, as it helps distinguish between different types of fibers in skeletal muscle tissues.