Initiation: This is the first stage where a normal cell undergoes a genetic mutation. These mutations can be caused by exposure to carcinogens, such as chemicals, radiation, or viruses. Promotion: In this stage, the mutated cells are stimulated to divide and proliferate. This stage is often reversible and depends on the presence of promoting agents. Progression: The final stage involves further genetic changes that enhance the growth and invasiveness of the tumor cells, leading to the formation of a malignant tumor.
