Angiogenesis can be broken down into several stages:
Vasodilation and Increased Permeability: Initiated by factors such as nitric oxide (NO) and VEGF. Degradation of the Basement Membrane: By proteolytic enzymes like matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Endothelial Cell Proliferation and Migration: Stimulated by growth factors, these cells migrate towards the angiogenic stimulus. Tube Formation: Endothelial cells form tube-like structures, creating new blood vessels. Maturation and Stabilization: Pericytes and smooth muscle cells stabilize the new vessels, which then integrate into the existing vascular network.
