Molecular markers of apoptosis include: - Caspase Activation: Caspases are proteases that execute apoptosis by cleaving specific substrates. - Cleaved PARP: Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase is cleaved by caspases during apoptosis. - Bcl-2 Family Proteins: Regulate mitochondrial membrane permeability and apoptosis. - Phosphatidylserine Exposure: Externalization of phosphatidylserine serves as an early marker of apoptosis.