Like other arteries, the vertebral arteries consist of three primary layers: the tunica intima, the tunica media, and the tunica adventitia. The tunica intima is lined with endothelial cells, providing a smooth surface for blood flow. The tunica media is primarily composed of smooth muscle cells and elastic fibers, which allow the artery to withstand the pressure from the heart's pumping action. The tunica adventitia is made up of connective tissue that anchors the artery to nearby structures.
