In COPD, there is a marked destruction of the alveolar walls, leading to enlarged air spaces known as emphysema. The inflammatory response involves infiltration by neutrophils, macrophages, and lymphocytes. The bronchial walls show thickening due to chronic inflammation and fibrosis. Mucus hypersecretion is evident in the bronchi, contributing to airflow obstruction. These changes compromise the lung’s ability to efficiently exchange gases, resulting in hypoxia and hypercapnia.
