Here are some widely used cytogenetic techniques in histology:
1. Karyotyping: This technique involves arranging and visually examining the complete set of chromosomes in a cell. It is useful for detecting numerical and structural abnormalities.
2. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH): FISH uses fluorescent probes that bind to specific parts of the chromosome. It helps in identifying structural changes and the presence of specific DNA sequences.
3. Comparative genomic hybridization (CGH): This technique compares the DNA of a test sample with a reference sample to detect gains and losses in chromosome material.
4. Spectral karyotyping (SKY): SKY uses multiple fluorescent dyes to color-code each chromosome. It is particularly useful for identifying complex chromosomal rearrangements.
5. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR): Although primarily a molecular biology technique, PCR is used in cytogenetics to amplify specific DNA sequences for further analysis.
