How is Tissue Prepared for Histological Analysis in Checkpoint Inhibitor Therapy?

Tissue samples are typically obtained through biopsies and processed using standard histological techniques. The samples are fixed, embedded in paraffin, sectioned, and stained. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is often used to detect the expression of checkpoint proteins such as PD-L1. The staining intensity and the proportion of positive cells are evaluated to guide treatment decisions.