Nrf2 is typically kept in the cytoplasm by its inhibitor, Keap1 (Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1), which promotes its degradation under normal conditions. Upon exposure to oxidative stress or electrophilic agents, Nrf2 dissociates from Keap1 and translocates to the nucleus. In the nucleus, Nrf2 binds to antioxidant response elements (ARE) in the DNA, initiating the transcription of cytoprotective genes.
