Histopathological Examination Traditional histopathological examination using Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) staining allows pathologists to observe cell morphology and tissue architecture. Variations in cell shape, size, and arrangement can indicate heterogeneity.
Immunohistochemistry (IHC) Immunohistochemistry (IHC) involves using antibodies to detect specific proteins within tissue sections. By targeting proteins associated with cancer cell proliferation, apoptosis, and other processes, IHC can reveal the presence of heterogeneous cell populations.
Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH) Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH) is a technique used to detect specific DNA sequences within cells. FISH can identify genetic mutations, amplifications, or deletions that contribute to tumor heterogeneity.
Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) provides a comprehensive analysis of genetic mutations and variations across the entire genome. NGS can uncover the genetic basis of heterogeneity and identify subclonal populations within the tumor.
