How Does Tumor Microenvironment Affect Cell Death?
The tumor microenvironment plays a critical role in regulating tumor cell death. Factors such as hypoxia, nutrient deprivation, and immune cell infiltration can influence the balance between cell survival and death.
- Hypoxia: Low oxygen levels in tumors can induce hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) that promote cell survival. However, severe hypoxia can lead to necrosis. - Nutrient Deprivation: Limited availability of nutrients can activate autophagy as a survival mechanism. Persistent deprivation may lead to autophagic or necrotic cell death. - Immune Cells: Immune cells such as T cells and macrophages can induce apoptosis in tumor cells through the release of cytotoxic molecules like perforin and granzymes.
