The process begins with the rapid freezing of a sample using a cryogen such as liquid nitrogen. This rapid freezing prevents the formation of ice crystals, which can damage the specimen. The frozen sample is then transferred to a cryo-preparation chamber, where it is fractured, etched, and coated with a thin layer of conductive material, usually gold or platinum. Finally, the sample is placed in the scanning electron microscope for imaging. The entire process is conducted under vacuum to prevent ice formation and sample contamination.
