NLRs recognize PAMPs and DAMPs through their LRR domains. Upon recognition, they undergo a conformational change that allows the NACHT domain to oligomerize. This oligomerization is critical for the formation of multiprotein complexes known as inflammasomes. Inflammasomes then activate caspase-1, leading to the maturation and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β and IL-18. These cytokines play a key role in recruiting immune cells to the site of infection or injury.
