Muscle cell regeneration and repair mechanisms vary among the different types of muscle tissue. Skeletal muscle has a remarkable capacity for regeneration, primarily mediated by satellite cells. These are stem cells located between the muscle fiber membrane and the surrounding basal lamina. Upon injury, satellite cells become activated, proliferate, and differentiate into new muscle fibers. Cardiac muscle cells have limited regenerative capacity, with recent research focusing on the potential role of resident cardiac progenitor cells and external stem cell therapies. Smooth muscle cells can proliferate and regenerate to a certain extent, particularly in response to injury or increased functional demand.
