Cellular dysfunctions can manifest in various ways, including hypertrophy, atrophy, hyperplasia, and metaplasia.
Hypertrophy: An increase in cell size, commonly seen in muscle cells due to increased workload. Atrophy: A decrease in cell size and function, often resulting from reduced workload, poor nutrition, or aging. Hyperplasia: An increase in the number of cells, which can be a normal response to a stimulus or indicative of a pathological condition. Metaplasia: A reversible change where one type of cell is replaced by another type, often as an adaptive response to chronic injury.
