What is Hemolysis?
Hemolysis refers to the destruction of
red blood cells (RBCs) leading to the release of hemoglobin into the surrounding fluid. This can occur due to a variety of reasons and can be observed in both in vivo (within the body) and in vitro (outside the body) settings.
Causes of Hemolysis
Hemolysis can be triggered by several factors, including:
Types of Hemolysis
Hemolysis can be classified into:
Histological Features
In histological examinations, hemolysis can be identified by: Ghost Cells: RBCs that appear as empty shells due to the loss of hemoglobin.
Spherocytes: Smaller, rounder RBCs that can result from membrane loss.
Schistocytes: Fragmented RBCs often seen in intravascular hemolysis.
Increased Macrophage Activity: Especially noted in the spleen and liver, where phagocytosis of damaged RBCs is increased.
Laboratory Diagnosis
Laboratory tests used to diagnose hemolysis include:
Clinical Implications
Hemolysis can lead to various clinical consequences, such as: Anemia: Reduced oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood.
Jaundice: Increased bilirubin levels resulting from hemoglobin breakdown.
Hemoglobinuria: Presence of hemoglobin in the urine, indicative of intravascular hemolysis.
Fatigue: Common symptom due to decreased oxygen delivery to tissues.
Splenomegaly: Enlargement of the spleen due to increased RBC destruction.
Treatment Options
Treatment of hemolysis depends on its underlying cause:
