What Histological Changes Occur in Heart Diseases?

Various heart diseases can lead to histological changes that impact cardiac output:

Hypertrophy: Enlargement of cardiac muscle cells, often seen in conditions like hypertension, can initially increase cardiac output but may eventually lead to heart failure.
Fibrosis: Excessive deposition of extracellular matrix can stiffen the heart muscle, reducing its efficiency.
Ischemia: Reduced blood supply to heart tissues can cause cell death and decrease cardiac output.
Cardiomyopathies: Structural and functional abnormalities of the heart muscle can drastically affect cardiac output.