Several molecular pathways regulate cell expansion. The TOR (Target of Rapamycin) pathway is one of the key regulators, integrating signals related to nutrient availability and energy status to control growth. The MAPK (Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase) pathway also plays a role in responding to extracellular signals, such as growth factors, to mediate cell expansion. Additionally, hormones like auxins in plants and growth hormones in animals stimulate cell enlargement.
