Epithelial Cells: These cells line the urinary tract and can be shed into the urine. They are classified into
squamous, transitional, and renal tubular epithelial cells. The presence of renal tubular epithelial cells can indicate kidney damage.
White Blood Cells (WBCs): An increased number of WBCs in urine sediment, known as pyuria, usually indicates an infection or inflammation.
Red Blood Cells (RBCs): Hematuria, or the presence of RBCs in urine, can be a sign of kidney disease or injury.
Casts: These cylindrical structures are formed in the renal tubules and can be made up of different materials such as cells, proteins, or fat. Types of casts include hyaline, granular, and waxy casts, each associated with different renal conditions.
Crystals: These can form from various substances in the urine and may indicate metabolic disorders or predisposition to kidney stones. Common types include calcium oxalate, uric acid, and struvite crystals.
Microorganisms: The presence of bacteria, fungi, or parasites in urine sediment can indicate an infection.
