- Autoclaving: Uses steam under pressure to kill all forms of microbial life. - Chemical Sterilization: Involves the use of disinfectants like ethanol, bleach, and formaldehyde. - Dry Heat Sterilization: Utilizes hot air ovens to eliminate microorganisms. - Filtration: Removes microorganisms from liquids and air using specialized filters. - UV Radiation: Employs ultraviolet light to destroy microbial DNA.