Virulence factors can be broadly classified into several categories:
Enzymes - These include proteases, lipases, and nucleases that break down host tissues and facilitate pathogen spread. Toxins - These are poisonous substances that can damage or kill host cells. Examples include exotoxins and endotoxins. Surface Proteins - These proteins help pathogens adhere to and invade host cells. Examples include pili and fimbriae. Capsules - These are polysaccharide layers that protect pathogens from phagocytosis by the host immune cells. Iron Acquisition Systems - Pathogens use these systems to sequester iron from the host, which is essential for their survival and growth.
